Table 10.1

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Communities in Contrast: Decision-Making Level and Method for Selected Acts

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	Switzerland	Japan	Britain	Russia	U.S.
Citizenship (conferred by)	local— council or popular vote	federal— law applied by official	federal— law applied by official	federal— law applied by official	federal— law applied by official
work permit	canton, official	federal, official	federal, official	federal	federal
income tax: report income	local, elected official	federal, official	federal, official	federal, official	federal, official
income tax: pay tax to...	local	federal	federal	federal	federal
administration of army units	mixed — canton*	federal	federal	federal	federal
railroads (run by )	federal	federal	federal	federal .ck	private
welfare benefits (issued by... )	local	federal	n.a.	federal	state

Source: "Federalisms in Contrast," Research Memorandum, Alexis de Tocqueville Institution, copyright © AdTI 1999, all rights reserved. Notes: *In practice, much of the army operation is now centralized, but it is still a cantonal responsibility. The Swiss system is far more decentralized than any other modern military.