List of Tables
1.1 The Swiss federal system and the executive, legislative and judicial powers at each level
9
1.2 Proportional representation of linguistic groups
23
1.3 Use of the proportional rule: institutions and criteria
32
1.4 Victims of capital crimes
34
1.5 Foreigners and asylum seekers in Switzerland
35
2.1 Central government tax share and expenditure as part of total tax receipts and public expenditure
43
2.2 Distribution of seats in the National Council and the Council of States (Legislature 1991-5)
45
2.3 Constitutional amendments proposed by the Federal Assembly, 1848-1990
58
2.4 Popular votes with different majorities between the people and the cantons
74
2.5 Federalist against democratic rule: practical veto power of small cantons in five votes
75
2.6 Denmark: the more than proportional representation of a small country in the European Community
83
3.1 Types of referendum and popular initiative (federal level)
86
3.2 Conceptual scheme: institutional selection of direct democracy issues at the federal level
90
3.3 Typical profile of a popular vote
96
3.4 Some issues from federal votatians, 1970-90
97
3.5 Popular referenda and initiatives at the federal level, 1848-1990
99
3.6 A comparison of representative and direct democracies
132
3.7 Political integration and innovation
136
4.1 Number and nature of nationwide referenda up to 1978
138
4.2 Majoritarian and consensus democracy: nine clusters of democratic regimes
168