CONTENTS

TITLE
INTRODUCTION
PART I: MATERIAL FALLACIES

  • TROUBLE WITH PROPOSITIONS
    1. Faulty Generalizations
      1. Hasty Generalization
      2. Unrepresentative Generalization
    2. Faulty Causal Generalization
    3. Assuming the Cause: "post hoc reasoning"
    4. Faulty Analogy
    5. Composition and Division
    6. The All-or-Nothing Mistake
    7. The False Dilemmas
  • TROUBLE WITH CONSTRUCTIONS
    1. Faulty Classifications
      1. Non-exhaustive Classifiication (Rule l)
      2. Non-exclusive Classification (Rule 2)
    2. Misconceptions about Classifiication (Rule 3)
      1. Reifications
      2. Relativism
    3. Unnecessary Vagueness (Rule 4)
    4. Over-precision
    5. Word Magic
    PART II PSYCHOLOGICAL FALLACIES
  • EMOTIONAL COLORATION
    1. Emotive Language: "colored words"
    2. Ceremony or Setting: "pomp and circumstance"
  • MISUSING AUTHORITY
    1. Appeal to Authority: "Ipse dixit" or He says so!
    2. Appeal to Tradition or Faith: "tried and true"
    3. Impressing by Large Numbers: "get on the band wagon"
  • STIRRING UP PREJUDICE
    1. Popular Passions: "ad populum appeals"
    2. Damning the Origin: "consider the source"
    3. Personal Attacks: "ad hominem"
    4. Forestalling Disagreement
    5. Creating Misgivings: "where there's srnoke, there's fire"
  • RATIONALIZATION AND LIP SERVICE
    1. Self-righteousness
    2. Finding the "Good" Reason
    3. Wishful Thinking
    4. Special Pleading: waving it both ways"
    5. Lip Service
  • BIASED MISCONSTRUCTIONS
    1. Apriorism: "Invincible Ignorance"
    2. Personification
    3. Cultural Bias
    4. The Gambler's Mistake
  • DIVERSIONS
    1. Humor and Ridicule: "lost in the laugh"
    2. Demand for Special Consideration
    3. Clamorous Insistence on Irrelevancies: "red herring,"
    4. Pointing to Another Wrong
    5. The Wicked Alternative
    6. Nothing but Objections
    7. Impossible Conditions: "the call for perfection"
    8. Abandomnent of Discussion
    PART III LOGICAL FALLACIES
  • LOGICAL TRUTH
  • VALIDITY
    1. The Undistributed Middle Terrn
    2. Suppressed Quantification
    3. False Conversion of Propositions
    4. Non Sequitur
    5. Trouble with Conditionals and Alternatives
    6. Ambiguous Terms
    7. Amphibole: "double talk"
    8. Ambiguous Accent
    9. Ambiguous Punctuation and Word Order
    10. Circular Definitions and Question Begging
    11. Misuse of Etyrnology
    12. Idiosyncratic Language
  • CONCLUSION: OVERSIMPLIFICATION
  • EXERCISES
  • APPENDIX: SOME LOGICAL PARADOXES
  • INDEX