DEDICATIONThis book is dedicated to the Ukrainian community in Great Britain on the occasion of its centenary in 1991, and specifically to one of its smaller but vibrant components — the Ukrainian community in Wolverhampton, thanks to which the author and his sister Jaroslawa were able to learn the language, and about the history and culture, of the land of their parents and ancestors. Our parents, Olha and Wolodymyr Nahaylo, had eagerly awaited the appearance of this book but, sadly, did not live long enough to see its publication. May this work also honour their memory, and especially their example of love, dedication and unflagging faith that one day Ukraine would achieve its independence.
BOHDAN NAHAYLO
The Ukrainian Resurgence
University of Toronto Press
Toronto Buffalo 1999
First published in 1999 by C. Hurst & Co. (Publishers) Ltd.
CONTENTS
- Preface
- 1. Historical Background
- Early history
- The making of modern Ukraine 6
- Soviet Ukraine
- Between Stalin and Hitler
- 2. Ukraine in the Post-Stalin Period
- Khrushchev and measured de-Stalinization
- Shelest and renewed Ukrainian assertiveness
- Shelest's removal
- Shcherbytsky and 'normalization'
- Stagnation
- 3. Gorbachev, Chornobyl and the Writers' Challenge
- Gorbachev takes over but Shcherbytsky remains 53
- The first glimmers ofglasnost 56
- The Chornobyl nuclear disaster and the political fallout 59
- The writers broaden their campaign 65
- The CPU's conservatism comes under fire 67
- The struggle for greater glasnost 70
- The writers defy the CPU leadership 73
- 4. The Rebirth of Independent Public and Cultural Life
- The Ukrainian Catholics emerge from the underground 85
- Unofficial groups in Lviv and Kyiv become catalysts 88
- The widening rift between the writers and the CPU leadership
- Defending the bastion of stagnation
- 5. National Renewal
- Facing up to the enormity of the task 109
- The affirmation of national identity 112
- Independent public and religious activity 122
- 6. The Growth of Democratic Opposition
- Baltic echoes 128
- Ten days that shook Lviv 132
- The Nineteenth Party Conference 136
- Hopes raised 139
- Hopes dashed 146
- 7. The Birth of Rukh
- The writers launch a new effort to create a popular movement 156
- The emergence ofKravchuk 164
- The battle over the Popular Movement's programme 167
- The democratic opposition makes headway 175
- 8. Psychological and Political Breakthrough
- Victories in the first multi-candidate elections 183
- Rukh takes hold in Western Ukraine 188
- The national democratic opposition consolidates 195
- The miners' revolt 207
- Cracks in the empire 210
- 9. The Struggle for Democracy and Sovereignty
- Rukh's inaugural congress 217
- Ivashko replaces Shcherbytsky 225
- Ukraine's Supreme Soviet makes adjustments 233
- The battle is resumed 240
- Dissension in the Party ranks 250
- The parliamentary elections become a watershed 255
- 10. The New Parliamentary Politics and the Debate over Sovereignty
- New battle lines are drawn 259
- Parliament becomes the primary battleground 269
- The forces regroup 279
- The scope of sovereignty is debated 286
- 11. Ukraine Asserts its Sovereignty
- The declaration of sovereignty 292
- More progress amid renewed confrontation 300
- The Ukrainian October near-revolution 307
- The CPU counter-attacks 319
- External relations and Russia . 324
- 12. Zig-zagging towards Independence
- Ukraine rejects Gorbachev's draft Union treaty 332
- Sovereignty Communists versus imperial Communists 338
- Kravchuk steers an independent course 343
- Ukraine votes for sovereign statehood 350
- Laying the foundations of sovereign and democratic statehood
- Ukraine sticks to its chosen path 364
- 13. Independence and the Dissolution of the USSR
- 'Mortal danger': Ukraine and the attempted coup in Moscow 373
- Ukraine declares independence 384
- Immediate problems: The CPU, Russian reactions and national security 392
- 14. T h e Realization of Independence and International Recognition
- Consolidating independence 400
- The presidential and referendum campaigns 406
- Towards an orderly separation from the Union 413
- Ukraine confirms its historic choice 419
- Ukraine and the creation of the CIS 423
- 15. T h e First Years of Independence
- Domestic politics: a promising start falters 432
- Early foreign and security policy challenges 440
- Courting disaster 447
- Security dilemmas 456
- On the verge of catastrophe 465
- 16. Kuchma at the Helm 473 Kuchma's remedial efforts
- The struggle over the division of powers 482
- Bumpy progress 491
- 17. Self-determination Refined
- Perseverance 501
- Crimea, Moscow and Sevastopol 504
- The Chomobyl factor, Marchuk's removal and the constitutional struggle 508
- Balancing between East and West but gravitating westward 515
- The struggle for the new constitution is finally won 520
- 18. The Strategic Oudook
- The fifth anniversary of independence 525
- The Ukrainian-Russian impasse 530
- Neighbours, friends, partners and antagonists 536
- Achievements and challenges 547
- Postscript
- Select Bibliography
- Index
MAPS
Geographical and Historical References 16
Administrative Divisions and Population 49
Ethnic Composition by Region 113
Language Affiliation by Region 239
Main Oil and Gas Pipelines 437
ILLUSTRATIONS between pages 240 and 241
Petro Shelest
Oles Honchar
Volodymyr Shcherbytsky
Vitalii Malanchuk
Shcherbytsky welcomes Gorbachev to Kyiv, June 1985
Vasyl Stus
Vyacheslav Chornovil
Chornobyl, April 1986; the stricken fourth reactor
Children being evacuated from Kyiv after the Chornobyl nuclear disaster
Ivan Drach
Dmytro Pavlychko
Borys Oliinyk
Ivan Dzyuba
Yurii Yelchenko
Leonid Kravchuk
Glasnost. Shcherbytsky-style
Unauthorised public meeting in Lviv, 26 February 1989
The banned blue and yellow national colours appear in Kyiv, 22 May 1989
Mykola Zhulynsky
Volodymr Yavorivsky
Ivan Drach addresses Rukh's inaugural congress, September 1989
Procession for the reburial of Stus, Tykhy and Lytvyn, 19 November 1990
The human chain from Kyiv to Lviv: the scene in Kyiv, 21 January 1990
Volodymyr Ivashko Ihor Yukhnovsky
Democratic deputies confer during a crisis in the parliament, 4 June 1990
Inaugural meeting of the People's Council, 4 June 1990
National democratic deputies - Levko Lukyanenko, Ivan Zayets and Mykhalo Hory.
Democratic deputies Bohdan Horyn and Serhii Holovaty at celebrations after adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty, 16 July 1990
Jubilation as the blue and yellow flag is raised at Kyiv City Hall, 20 July 1990
Confrontation outside the Verkhovna Rada, October 1990
Student hunger strike protest in central Kyiv, October 1990
Yes to independence: a rally in Kyiv in support of Lithuania's bid for independence
A relieved gathering in Kyiv welcomes news of the failure of the attempted coup in Moscow, 22 August 1991
CPU leader Stanislav Hurenko attempts to defend his party during the historic extraordinary session of parliament, on 24 August 1991
Kravchuk votes in the referendum on independence, 1 December 1991
The creation of new national armed forces begins Presidents Kravchuk and Yeltsin attempt to patch up Ukrainian-Russian relations in Dagomys, 23 June 1992
Changing the pilot: President Kravchuk hands over to Leonid Kuchma, July 1994
President Kuchma and Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada Oleksandr Moroz after the signing of the law on the adoption of Ukraine's new constitution, 12 July 1996