Notes 1 J. D. Richardson (ed.), Messages and Papers of the Presidents (Washington), Vol. II (1899), p. 55.
2 Issue of May 17, 1819, quoted by Frank H. Hodder, "Sidelights on the Missouri Com' promise," American Historical Association Report, 1909, p. 153.
3 Charles F. Adams (ed.), Memoirs of John Quincy Adams (Philadelphia, 1875), Vol. V, p. 128.
4 Annals of Congress, 18 Cong. I Sess., pp. 1022-40, 1970, 1978.
5 Message to Congress, December 1825; for extract see Commager, Documents oj American History.
6 For example, see Niles' Weekly Register, Vol. XXI, pp. 248, 253, 277, 281, 282, 299.
7 Quoted in Kirkland, History oj American Economic Life, p. 146. By permission of F. S. Crofts and Co.
8 Raynor G. Wellington, The Political and Sectional Influence of the Public Lands, 1828-1842 (Boston, 1914), p. 3. By permission of Professor Wellington.
9 Annals of Congress, 18 Cong, I Sess., p. 2,361.
10 James Hall, Notes on the Western States (Philadelphia, 1838), pp. 174-5.
11 Statutes at Large, Act of March 21, 1821, Vol. IV, Chap. 12. Ninian Edwards of Illinois led the fight for this indulgence in the Senate.
12 For an analysis of these relief measures see: Treat, National Land System, p. 161.
13 Jonas Viles, "Missouri in 1820," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. XV (1918), p. 50.
14 Amelia C. Ford, "Colonial Precedents of Our National Land System as It Existed in 1800," University of Wisconsin Bulletin No. 352 (Madison, 1910), p. 95.
15 Annals of Congress, 18 Cong, I Sess., p. 583.
17 American State Papers, Public Lands, Vol. IV, p. 529.
18 ln the Senate, May 16, 1826, Congressional Debates, 19 Cong. 1 Sess., p. 724.
19 Turner, Rise of the New West, p. 142.
20 19 Cong. 2 Sess., Congressional Debates, p. 6.
21 19 Cong. 1 Sess., Senate Document No. 99.
22 19 Cong. 2 Sess., Congressional Debates, pp. 308, 334, 1,485.
23 American State Papers, Public Lands, Vol. V, p. 401.
24 20 Cong. 1 Sess., Congressional Debates, p, 609.
25 American State Papers, Public Lands, Vol. V, p. 445.
26 Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of Finances, 1827, American State Papers, Finance, Vol. V, p. 638.
27 Adams, Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, Vol. VIII, pp. 87-8.
28 Editorial printed in full in Canal of Intelligence (Norwich, Conn.), January 2, 1828.
30 As commented upon in The Free Enquirer (New Harmony, Indiana), Vol. II (1829-30), pp. 356-7.
31 Mechanics' Free Press, October 25, 1828, in John R. Commons et al. (ed.), A Documentary History of American Industrial Society (Cleveland, 1910), Vol. V, pp. 43-5.
32 The Man, May 21, 1835, as quoted in ibid., Vol. V, pp. 46-7.
33 For the party transition see Homer C. Hockett, Western Influences on Political Parties to 1825 (The Ohio State University Bulletin No. 3, Vol. XXVII [1917]. The Ohio University Studies -- Contributions in History and Political Science, No. 4), Chap. IV.
34 Frederick J. Turner, The United States, 1830-1850 (New York, 1935), p. 30. By permission of Henry Holt and Co.
35 "The Public Domain of the United States," article based on Report of Select Committee of House of Representatives, 20 Cong. 2 Sess., in American Quarterly Review, Vol. VI (1829), pp. 263-83.
36 21 Cong. 1 Sess., Congressional Debates, p. 3.
37 Wellington, Political and Sectional Influence of the Public Lands, p. 28.
38 21 Cong. 1 Sess., Congressional Debates, p. 23.
39 John Quincy Adams wrote in his diary that Lawrence "has been for many years devoted to Webster, and the main pillar of his support, both pecuniary and political." In May 1828, Lawrence had written Webster regarding the tariff bill that "This bill if adopted as amended will keep the South and West in debt to New England the next hundred years." Lawrence believed that a reduction in either the tariff or the price of the public lands would drain his state of its population and wealth. (Quoted in Wellington, Political and Sectional Influence of Public Lands, p. 27.)
Thus the manufacturing industries had little interest in the welfare of either agriculture or the West. They, "eager to secure an abundance of cheap labor as to find shelter behind a tariff barrier, viewed with grave concern the westward rush to the land in the public domain." (Quoted in Charles A. Beard and Mary A. Beard, The Rise of American Civilization [New York, 1927], Vol. I, pp. 562-3). By permission of the Macmillan Co.
40 21 Cong. 1 Sess., Congressional Debates, pp. 495, 497.
42 Wellington, Political and Sectional influence of the Public Lands, pp. 33-4.
43 The government land sales do not provide an adequate measure of the extent of settlement made in the decade of the 1810's. On the contrary, many settlers bought lands from speculators who were glad to unload for prices below the government minimum, or else preferred simply to squat on the land hoping that the government might ultimately grant them a preemption to their holdings.
44 Figures taken from article, "The Public Domain of the United States," American Quarterly Review, Vol. VI (1829), pp. 263-83.
46 The yea's and nay's were not recorded in the House, but in the Senate the vote on January 13 was as follows: Yea's: Missouri, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Massachusetts, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee; Nay's: Delaware, New Jersey, Connecticut, Maine; Divided: New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, Maryland. Vote: 29 to 12. 21 Cong. 1 Sess., Senate Journal, p. 83.
47 Statutes at Large, Vol. IV, Act of May 29, 1830, p. 430.
48 ibid., Vol. IV, Act of July 14, 1832, p. 603; Act of June 19, 1834, p. 678.
49 "The Public Domain of the United States," American Quarterly Review, Vol. VI (1829), p. 282.
50 Grant Foreman, Advancing the Frontier (Norman, Oklahoma, 1933); Frederic L. Paxson, History of the American Frontier, Chap. XXXI, "The Permanent Indian Frontier, 1825-1841."
51 5 Peters 1; also consult Annie Heloise Abel, "History of Events Resulting in Indian Consolidation West of the Mississippi River," American Historical Association, Report, 1906, Vol. I.
52 "View of Public Affairs," American Quarterly Register, Vol. II, p. 190.
53 Annual Report of Quartermaster General, 20 Cong. 1 Sess., S. Doc, Vol. I, p. 79.
54 E. B. Washburne (ed.), The Edwards Papers, in Chicago Historical Society Collections, Vol. III (1884), p. 338.
55 See Jackson's annual message of 1835 in Richardson, Messages and Papers, Vol. III, pp. 171ff.
56 Ruth A. Gallaher, "The Military Indian Frontier, 1830-35," Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. XV (1917); Frank E. Stevens, The Black. Hawk War (Chicago, 1903).
57 Grant Foreman, Five Civilized Tribes (Norman, Oklahoma, 1934).
58 Report of the Commissioner of General Land Office, 1830, 21 Cong. 2 Sess., S. Doc. No. I, Vol. I, p. 60.
59 ibid., 1831, 22 Cong. 1 Sess., H. Ex. Doc. No. 3, Vol. I, pp. 60, 64.
60 ibid., 1832, 22 Cong. 2 Sess., H. Ex. Doc. No. 3, Vol. I, p. 53.
61 ibid., 1833, 23 Cong. 1 Sess., S. Doc. No. 9, Vol. I, pp. 52, 54.
62 Works of Henry Clay (New York, 1896), Vol. I, p. 483.
63 Report on Committee on Manufactures on subject of public lands, April 16, 1832, in American State Papers, Public Lands, Vol. VI, p. 478; 21 Cong. 1 Sess., Congressional Debates, p. 35.
64 Abstract from National Intelligencer in New England Magazine (Boston), Vol. II (1832), pp. 515-17.
65 Quoted in The Cincinnati Mirror, Vol. I, p. 130.
66 22 Cong. 1 Sess., Congressional Debates, p. 1,162.
67 American State Papers, Public Lands, Vol. VI, p. 445.
57 68 Abstract in New England Magazine, Vol. III (1832), pp. 67-8.
69 22 Cong. 2 Sess., H. Ex. Doc. No. 2, Vol. I, pp. 10-11.
71 22 Cong. 2 Sess., Congressional Debates, pp. 234-5, 1,980.